The Banking & Finance sector, especially the Fintech Industry, relies almost totally on information throughout all points of its value chain from Bank account opening to making deposits or withdrawals to creditworthiness assessments to remittances and monetary transfers to Compliance measures and even to decentralized Digital asset transactions and Insolvency.
Before the advent of Open Banking as a concept, the Fintech sector was basically a combination of sealed information compartments which provided a lot of problems in trying to effect seamless transactions based on limited end-user information, the closest thing at the time to a centralized information system being the Nigerian Interbank Settlement Scheme (NIBBS) as well as Credit Bureau.
What this article thus aims to achieve is to treat in the most straightforward terms the following topics:-
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– An explanation of Open Banking as a concept.
– The Regulatory Framework governing Open Banking in Nigeria.
– The advantages and disadvantages of Open Banking, especially regarding the Fintech sector.
– The stakeholders in Nigeria’s Open Banking system.
– The most notable Regulatory Compliance requirements for Open Banking participants in Nigeria.
What is Open Banking?
Open Banking is simply a Financial service concept within Financial technology that states that Financial and Non-financial businesses should share or operate a seamless unified customer information system readily accessible with the prior consent of the Customers/End-users with the aim of providing more useful and competitive service packages for their customers mainly through the use of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) which are software programs applied as digital connections for the purpose of Customer Data Request and transmission to 3rd parties.
A practical illustration of this would be you trying to access a loan from your Digital Moneylender Mobile App on your phone which will in turn use APIs to access your Creditworthiness score from other online sources of your Financial state(such as your Banking app) in order to accurately determine if you qualify for a loan and then the appropriate loan offer for you in seconds as against the former practice of processing your application in 48-72 Hours during which manual Creditworthiness checks and KYC(Know-Your-Customer) due diligence had to be carried out.
What is the Regulatory Framework governing Open Banking in Nigeria?
Open Banking in Nigeria is governed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through the CBN Guidelines For Open Banking in Nigeria 2022.
Who are the main participants in Nigeria’s Open Banking system?
The following entities make up Nigeria’s Open Banking system :
– The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) as a Regulatory Agency of the Federal Government in charge of granting licenses to API providers and consumers to operate in an Open Banking system.
– The API Providers (or ‘APs’) which are Financial Institutions that share data with other institutions , a notable example being Banks.
– The API Consumers (or ‘ACs’) which are companies that apply or access data released to them by the APs.
– The Customers/End-users which are the owners of the data released by the APs to the ACs with the consent of the customers.
What are the benefits and disadvantages of Open Banking?
ADVANTAGES
– Open Banking provides a centralized information network/centre where people who use financial services can share their information (especially their financial information) with other Financial service providers in a secure way.
– Open Banking provides a means through which Lenders can be provided with a more accurate picture of an End-user’s Financial exposure/risk level/credit rating as well as providing End-users a better assessment of their credit rating/financial health when considering applying for loans.
– The creation of a service package culture based on the offering of personalized products to suit each End-user or Customer based on Open Banking can lead to a higher rate of healthy business competition in the Fintech space.
– It reduces the low level of customer trust in traditional Banking institutions.
– It reduces accurate Customer data scarcity within the Banking and Financial Service/Fintech sectors.
DISADVANTAGES
– Open Banking has inadvertently left to higher rates of Hacking attempts in Nigeria, a number of such attempts being successful to the detriment of Customers/Digital Final Service End-users.
– Open Banking in Nigeria has led to an abnormally higher amount of Customer Data access privileges to APs and ACs and their employees in a way that can violate the fundamental right of Privacy guaranteed under the Nigerian Constitution.
– Open Banking comes with a significantly higher risk of Cyber-Terrorism and mass remote espionage.
– Open Banking has also led to a higher rate of Consumer Rights Violations via Cyber-Bullying, particularly in the Fintech subsector of Digital Lending.
– Open Banking poses a higher risk of Phishing scams.
– The creation of entirely new trust relationships with 3rd parties for in most cases unaware customers using Digital Open Banking applications leading to ambiguity as to where to apportion liabilities in the event of a Customer complaint or Customer Dispute Resolution e.g. most financially literate people in Nigeria still believe that Banks actually carry out the electronic operations of Automated Teller Machines directly and have never heard of companies like Interswitch.
What are the most notable provisions of the CBN Guidelines on Open Banking?
The following are some of the most notable/important provisions of the Guidelines on Open Banking :-
– The creation of an Open Banking Registry(OBR) :- This is a Regulatory oversight system & public repository for the details of registered participants, with each participant being identifiable by its Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) numbers as recorded in the OBR(Paragraph 6 of the Guidelines).
– The outlining of Accreditation criteria for Open Banking System participation via onboarding to the OBR .(Paragraph 6.1).
– The provision for Consent management rules (Paragraph 7).
– The provision of responsibilities for APs and ACs (Paragraphs 8 & 9).
– The provision of an Open Banking Dispute Resolution Framework (Paragraph 12)
– The provision of a requirement for compulsory SLA Documentations of all transactions and contractual relationships between APs and ACs as well as a Regulatory fee structure to be outlined in the SLA documentation.
Conclusion :- It can be seen from the above that while it might sometimes come across as a double-edged sword, Open Banking brings a lot of overwhelming advantages and constitutes another major value disruption in Nigeria’s Fintech space. Intending serious participants in the Open Banking system will thus be at a greater advantage when properly guided by the right set of professionals going forward.