The Political Economy of Military Coups in West Africa

The phenomenon of military coups in West Africa has recently taken center stage as countries like Chad and Mali experience sudden transitions of power. The swift takeover by the military and the subsequent appointment of military commanders as interim leaders raise concerns about the region’s political stability and democratic governance. In this piece, our analyst delves into the political economy of military coups in West Africa, examining the risks and potential implications for the region’s stability and democratic development.

The recurrence of military coups in West Africa has exposed the fragility of democratic institutions in the region. Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger’s experiences serve as stark reminders of the challenges faced in establishing and maintaining stable democratic governance. The ability of the military to swiftly seize power and its subsequent involvement in governance highlight the need for a deeper examination of the root causes and consequences of military interventions.

In response to the political crises in West African countries, regional bodies like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have attempted to intervene and facilitate resolutions. The case of Mali exemplifies ECOWAS’s involvement, pressuring for a civilian-led transitional government after the coup. However, despite these interventions, the presence of military commanders in civilian governments raises questions about the effectiveness of such measures in ensuring lasting democratic stability.
One of the significant dangers stemming from military coups is the potential for democratically elected governments to become reliant on the military for legitimacy and survival. Governments installed through military processes may feel compelled to please the military to maintain their positions, potentially leading to a culture of military influence over democratic governance. This reliance on the military could undermine the principles of democracy and hinder the development of accountable and transparent institutions.

West African nations’ interconnectedness makes military coups in one country capable of causing ripple effects throughout the region. The recent warning from Burkina Faso and Mali against military intervention in Niger demonstrates the potential for regional destabilization arising from political turmoil. The volatility of these situations requires careful consideration and collaborative efforts from neighboring nations to prevent further escalation.

External actors, such as former colonial powers like France and Germany, also play a role in responding to military coups in West Africa. Their actions, including sanctions and interventions, can significantly impact the region’s political landscape. However, striking the right balance between international involvement and respecting the sovereignty of West African nations is essential to ensure a constructive and positive impact on democratic governance.

While the risk of a widespread return to military rule may be relatively low, the presence of military commanders in civilian-led transitional governments demands close monitoring. Regional cooperation and the role of external actors should focus on supporting democratic governance and mitigating the potential destabilizing effects of military coups.

Sustained efforts to strengthen democratic institutions, uphold the rule of law, and promote transparency and accountability will be crucial in safeguarding West Africa’s political stability and economic development. By addressing these challenges proactively, the region can pave the way for a future that upholds democratic principles and fosters sustainable growth and progress.