JPMorgan, one of the largest banks in the world, has issued a report criticizing Ethereum’s recent network upgrade, dubbed Shanghai. The report claims that the upgrade, which was supposed to improve scalability, security and efficiency, has failed to deliver on its promises and has instead resulted in higher fees, lower throughput and increased complexity.
According to JPMorgan, Shanghai has not addressed the fundamental challenges that Ethereum faces, such as the trade-off between decentralization and performance, the vulnerability to congestion and attacks, and the lack of interoperability with other blockchains. The report also questions the viability of Ethereum 2.0, the long-awaited transition to a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism that aims to solve many of these issues.
The Ethereum community was eagerly awaiting the Shanghai upgrade, which was supposed to bring significant improvements to the network’s scalability, security and efficiency. However, the upgrade has turned out to be a disappointment, as it failed to deliver on its promises and introduced new problems.
Tekedia Mini-MBA edition 16 (Feb 10 – May 3, 2025) opens registrations; register today for early bird discounts.
Tekedia AI in Business Masterclass opens registrations here.
Join Tekedia Capital Syndicate and invest in Africa’s finest startups here.
One of the main features of the Shanghai upgrade was the implementation of sharding, a technique that splits the network into smaller pieces, or shards, that can process transactions in parallel. This was expected to increase the network’s throughput and reduce congestion and fees. However, sharding has also created new challenges, such as increased complexity, coordination costs and security risks. Moreover, sharding has not solved the scalability issue completely, as the network still relies on a single shard, called the beacon chain, to coordinate the other shards and ensure consensus.
Another feature of the Shanghai upgrade was the transition from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS), a consensus mechanism that replaces miners with validators who stake their ether to secure the network. PoS was supposed to make the network more secure, efficient and environmentally friendly, as it eliminates the need for costly and energy-intensive mining. However, PoS has also introduced new vulnerabilities, such as the possibility of validator collusion, censorship and attacks. Furthermore, PoS has not made the network more efficient, as it requires validators to run nodes 24/7 and keep their ether locked in a long period of time.
The Shanghai upgrade was also supposed to improve the network’s efficiency by implementing EIP-1559, a proposal that changes the fee structure of Ethereum transactions. EIP-1559 was designed to make fees more predictable and fairer, by introducing a base fee that adjusts dynamically according to network demand and a tip that users can pay to prioritize their transactions. EIP-1559 was also expected to reduce the supply of ether by burning a portion of the base fee. However, EIP-1559 has not achieved its goals, as fees remain high and volatile, users still overpay for transactions and ether inflation is not significantly affected.
JPMorgan’s report is not the first time that the bank has expressed skepticism about Ethereum and its prospects. In 2017, JPMorgan’s CEO Jamie Dimon famously called Bitcoin, the leading cryptocurrency and Ethereum’s main rival, a “fraud” and said that he would fire any employee who traded it. However, since then, JPMorgan has softened its stance on crypto and has even launched its own digital currency, JPM Coin, which runs on a private version of Ethereum.
The report has sparked a heated debate among crypto enthusiasts and experts, who have different opinions on Ethereum’s performance and potential. Some agree with JPMorgan’s assessment and argue that Ethereum is losing its edge to newer and more innovative platforms, such as Solana, Cardano and Polkadot. Others disagree and defend Ethereum’s achievements and vision, pointing out that it is still the most widely used and developed blockchain in the world, with a vibrant ecosystem of applications, developers and users.
The Shanghai upgrade has failed to deliver on its promises of improving scalability, security and efficiency of the Ethereum network. Instead, it has introduced new problems and trade-offs that undermine the network’s performance and user experience. The Ethereum community should reconsider its roadmap and priorities and focus on finding solutions that can truly address the network’s challenges and fulfill its potential.
Hong Kong looks to release Stablecoin Regulations by mid-2024
Hong Kong is planning to introduce a regulatory framework for stablecoins by the middle of 2024, according to a lawmaker who is involved in the drafting process. Stablecoins are digital tokens that are pegged to a fiat currency or other assets and are widely used in the cryptocurrency sector for trading and payments.
Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that are designed to maintain a stable value relative to a fiat currency, a commodity, or a basket of assets. They are often seen as a way to reduce the volatility and risk of holding cryptocurrencies, as well as to facilitate payments and remittances across borders. However, stablecoins also pose significant challenges and risks for the crypto industry and the broader financial system.
The lawmaker, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said that the Hong Kong government is aware of the growing popularity and potential risks of stablecoins, especially after the launch of Diem, the rebranded version of Facebook’s Libra project, which aims to create a global payment system based on a basket of currencies and assets.
One of the main challenges of stablecoins is ensuring that they are fully backed by the underlying assets or reserves that they claim to represent. This requires a high level of transparency, auditability, and regulation, which may not always be present or consistent across different stablecoin issuers and jurisdictions. For example, in 2019, the New York Attorney General accused Tether, one of the largest and most popular stablecoins, of misleading investors and regulators about its reserve backing and its relationship with Bitfinex, a crypto exchange that had suffered a massive hack.
This raised doubts about the credibility and solvency of Tether and its ability to maintain its peg to the US dollar. Similarly, in 2020, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) banned CryptoSpend, a crypto debit card provider that used Wirecard as its payment processor, after Wirecard filed for insolvency amid allegations of fraud and accounting irregularities. This left CryptoSpend users unable to access their funds, which were partly denominated in stablecoins.
Another challenge of stablecoins is managing the trade-off between stability and decentralization. Some stablecoins, such as DAI, are algorithmically governed by smart contracts and rely on overcollateralization and market incentives to maintain their peg. However, this also makes them vulnerable to technical glitches, governance disputes, and market shocks that could disrupt their stability or functionality. For instance, in March 2020, DAI experienced a sudden spike in demand and price due to the market crash caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
This resulted in undercollateralized loans, liquidation penalties, and governance issues that threatened the viability of the DAI system. On the other hand, some stablecoins, such as USDC and GUSD, are centrally issued and regulated by reputable entities and follow strict compliance standards. However, this also exposes them to legal and regulatory risks, such as censorship, seizure, or sanctions by authorities that may not be favorable to crypto.
A third challenge of stablecoins is balancing the benefits and costs of interoperability and innovation. Stablecoins offer a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between traditional finance and crypto, as well as to enable new use cases and applications for both sectors. For example, stablecoins can facilitate cross-border payments and remittances, enhance financial inclusion and access, enable decentralized lending and borrowing platforms, and support tokenization and digitalization of real-world assets. However, stablecoins also introduce new complexities and uncertainties for the crypto industry and the wider financial system.
For example, stablecoins could pose systemic risks if they become widely adopted and interconnected with other financial instruments or infrastructures, such as exchanges, wallets, or payment networks. Stablecoins could also create regulatory arbitrage or fragmentation if they operate across different jurisdictions or regimes without adequate coordination or oversight. Stablecoins could also disrupt or compete with existing monetary policies or currencies if they challenge the sovereignty or dominance of central banks or governments.
The Hong Kong lawmaker said that the government is studying the experiences and best practices of other jurisdictions, such as Singapore, the UK and the EU, which have already proposed or implemented regulations for stablecoins. The lawmaker added that the government is also consulting with the industry and the public on the matter and expects to release a consultation paper by the end of this year.
The lawmaker said that the main objectives of the regulation are to ensure the stability and security of stablecoins, to protect consumers and investors, and to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing. The lawmaker said that the regulation will likely cover issues such as licensing, governance, capital requirements, disclosure, auditing, risk management and consumer protection.
The lawmaker said that the regulation will apply to both centralized and decentralized stablecoins, as well as to domestic and cross-border transactions. The lawmaker said that the regulation will not stifle innovation or competition in the sector, but rather provide clarity and certainty for the market participants.
Stablecoins are a fascinating and promising innovation that have the potential to transform the crypto industry and the global financial system. However, they also entail significant challenges and risks that need to be carefully addressed and managed by all stakeholders involved. As the stablecoin market grows and evolves, it is crucial to foster a balanced and collaborative approach that ensures stability, security, transparency, compliance, innovation, and inclusion for all.
The lawmaker said that Hong Kong is well-positioned to become a hub for stablecoin innovation and adoption, given its status as a global financial center and its proximity to mainland China, where digital yuan trials are underway. The lawmaker said that Hong Kong can leverage its existing strengths in fintech and blockchain to attract more stablecoin projects and investors to the city.
Hong Kong is planning to introduce a regulatory framework for stablecoins by the middle of 2024, according to a lawmaker who is involved in the drafting process. Stablecoins are digital tokens that are pegged to a fiat currency or other assets and are widely used in the cryptocurrency sector for trading and payments.
Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that are designed to maintain a stable value relative to a fiat currency, a commodity, or a basket of assets. They are often seen as a way to reduce the volatility and risk of holding cryptocurrencies, as well as to facilitate payments and remittances across borders. However, stablecoins also pose significant challenges and risks for the crypto industry and the broader financial system.
The lawmaker, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said that the Hong Kong government is aware of the growing popularity and potential risks of stablecoins, especially after the launch of Diem, the rebranded version of Facebook’s Libra project, which aims to create a global payment system based on a basket of currencies and assets.
One of the main challenges of stablecoins is ensuring that they are fully backed by the underlying assets or reserves that they claim to represent. This requires a high level of transparency, auditability, and regulation, which may not always be present or consistent across different stablecoin issuers and jurisdictions. For example, in 2019, the New York Attorney General accused Tether, one of the largest and most popular stablecoins, of misleading investors and regulators about its reserve backing and its relationship with Bitfinex, a crypto exchange that had suffered a massive hack.
This raised doubts about the credibility and solvency of Tether and its ability to maintain its peg to the US dollar. Similarly, in 2020, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) banned CryptoSpend, a crypto debit card provider that used Wirecard as its payment processor, after Wirecard filed for insolvency amid allegations of fraud and accounting irregularities. This left CryptoSpend users unable to access their funds, which were partly denominated in stablecoins.
Another challenge of stablecoins is managing the trade-off between stability and decentralization. Some stablecoins, such as DAI, are algorithmically governed by smart contracts and rely on overcollateralization and market incentives to maintain their peg. However, this also makes them vulnerable to technical glitches, governance disputes, and market shocks that could disrupt their stability or functionality. For instance, in March 2020, DAI experienced a sudden spike in demand and price due to the market crash caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
This resulted in undercollateralized loans, liquidation penalties, and governance issues that threatened the viability of the DAI system. On the other hand, some stablecoins, such as USDC and GUSD, are centrally issued and regulated by reputable entities and follow strict compliance standards. However, this also exposes them to legal and regulatory risks, such as censorship, seizure, or sanctions by authorities that may not be favorable to crypto.
A third challenge of stablecoins is balancing the benefits and costs of interoperability and innovation. Stablecoins offer a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between traditional finance and crypto, as well as to enable new use cases and applications for both sectors. For example, stablecoins can facilitate cross-border payments and remittances, enhance financial inclusion and access, enable decentralized lending and borrowing platforms, and support tokenization and digitalization of real-world assets. However, stablecoins also introduce new complexities and uncertainties for the crypto industry and the wider financial system.
For example, stablecoins could pose systemic risks if they become widely adopted and interconnected with other financial instruments or infrastructures, such as exchanges, wallets, or payment networks. Stablecoins could also create regulatory arbitrage or fragmentation if they operate across different jurisdictions or regimes without adequate coordination or oversight. Stablecoins could also disrupt or compete with existing monetary policies or currencies if they challenge the sovereignty or dominance of central banks or governments.
The Hong Kong lawmaker said that the government is studying the experiences and best practices of other jurisdictions, such as Singapore, the UK and the EU, which have already proposed or implemented regulations for stablecoins. The lawmaker added that the government is also consulting with the industry and the public on the matter and expects to release a consultation paper by the end of this year.
The lawmaker said that the main objectives of the regulation are to ensure the stability and security of stablecoins, to protect consumers and investors, and to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing. The lawmaker said that the regulation will likely cover issues such as licensing, governance, capital requirements, disclosure, auditing, risk management and consumer protection.
The lawmaker said that the regulation will apply to both centralized and decentralized stablecoins, as well as to domestic and cross-border transactions. The lawmaker said that the regulation will not stifle innovation or competition in the sector, but rather provide clarity and certainty for the market participants.
Stablecoins are a fascinating and promising innovation that have the potential to transform the crypto industry and the global financial system. However, they also entail significant challenges and risks that need to be carefully addressed and managed by all stakeholders involved. As the stablecoin market grows and evolves, it is crucial to foster a balanced and collaborative approach that ensures stability, security, transparency, compliance, innovation, and inclusion for all.
The lawmaker said that Hong Kong is well-positioned to become a hub for stablecoin innovation and adoption, given its status as a global financial center and its proximity to mainland China, where digital yuan trials are underway. The lawmaker said that Hong Kong can leverage its existing strengths in fintech and blockchain to attract more stablecoin projects and investors to the city.